|
''Dudum siquidem'' (Latin for "A short while ago") was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on , one of the Bulls of Donation addressed to the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon which supplemented the bull ''Inter caetera'' and purported to grant to them "all islands and mainlands whatsoever, found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered, that are or may be or may seem to be in the route of navigation or travel towards the west or south, whether they be in western parts, or in the regions of the south and east and of India".〔 ==Background== The bull ''Aeterni regis'' of 1481, delivered by Pope Sixtus IV, had confirmed the substance of the Treaty of Alcáçovas, which itself had confirmed Castile in its possession of the Canary Islands and had granted to Portugal all further new lands to be won by Christendom in Africa and the East Indies.〔Davenport (1917), p. 49〕 At the beginning of the year 1492 the Christian reconquest of Spain was completed by the capture of Granada.〔David Coleman, ''Creating Christian Granada: Society & Religious Culture in an Old-World Frontier City, 1492-1600'' (Cornell University Press, 2003, ISBN 0801441110), (p. 2 )〕 The voyages of Christopher Columbus, seeking a westerly route to the riches of the Indies, began in the summer of the same year, and on 12 October Columbus sighted land in the West Indies which he believed to be part of India.〔Robert Hume, ''Christopher Columbus and the European Discovery of America'' (1992, ISBN 0852442114), p. 37〕 He returned to Spain, with news of what he had found, in March 1493.〔John Malam, ''12 October 1492: Columbus Reaches the Americas'' (2003, ISBN 1842341987), p. 32〕 Columbus's discoveries in the ''annus mirabilis'' created a competitive frenzy between the two principal sea-powers of the day, one being Portugal, and the other being the new Spanish kingdom based on Castile and Aragon.〔José Manuel Azcona Pastor, ''Possible Paradises: Basque Emigration to Latin America'' (2004, ISBN 0874174449), p. 16〕 A papal bull delivered on 4 May 1493, ''Inter caetera'', attempted to divide the non-Christian world beyond Europe between Portugal and Spain, from the point of view of future conquests. Among much else, it states:〔(The Bull Inter Caetera (Alexander VI), May 4, 1493 ) at nativeweb.org, accessed 7 January 2013〕 This papal command signalled the beginning of the Spanish colonization of much of the New World. An important, although accidental, effect of the combination of this papal bull and of the Treaty of Tordesillas was that nearly all of the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of North America (the existence of both of which was still unknown) were allotted to Spain. However, it is still unclear whether the pope was issuing, so far as he could, a gift of sovereignty or a feudal infeodation or investiture. Differing interpretations have been argued.〔Jan Hendrik Willem Verzijl, W. P. Heere, J. P. S. Offerhaus, ''International Law in Historical Perspective'' (Martinus Nijhoff, 1979, ISBN 978-90-286-0158-1), pp. 230–234, 237〕 The Spanish are thought to have requested an extension to what they had already been granted by the pope because they foresaw that there were richer territories still to be discovered than those which were yet known.〔Miles H. Davidson, ''Columbus Then and Now: A Life Re-examined'' (1997, ISBN 0806129344), (p. 293 )〕 In August 1493 the Portuguese ambassadors Pero Diaz and Rui de Pina were in Barcelona negotiating with the Spanish over several issues, including the Portuguese intention to send a fleet to the New World to capture the islands discovered by Columbus, when Ferdinand and Isabella sent an appeal to the pope which resulted in the granting of ''Dudum siquidem'', dated 26 September.〔Frances Gardiner Davenport, ''European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648'' (Washington: Carnegie Institution, 1917; reprinted by Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2012, ISBN 1584774223), (pp. 79-80 )〕 The day before, on 25 September, Columbus had sailed from Cadiz on his second voyage of exploration, at the head of a fleet of seventeen ships containing some 1,200 people. Many of them were passengers who intended to make a new life in the Indies.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dudum siquidem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|